Informaciones Psiquiátricas 2025 - nº 259 51 pearance and actions in an inappropriately seductive or provocative manner in order to gain the attention of others (41). The current conception of histrionism as a dominant trait also entails maladaptive cognitive, experiential, emotional expressive and behavioural patterns. In the current ICD-11, apart from dissociative amnesia with fugue, hysterical bolus and Ganser’s syndrome (listed as another specified dissociative disorder), what is traditionally called histrionic personality is subsumed under the current personality disorder without specification. Another clinically relevant issue concerns the discomfort experienced with the likewise obsolete term “gender dysphoria”, although it is still in force in cluster B of the personality disorders of the DSM-5-TR of the American Psychiatric Association (42). Affected individuals are often very sensitive to social rejection and this psychological condition is frequently related to congenital disorders of sexual development, as mentioned in the previous subsection. In ICD-11 these symptomatic features are subsumed under the diagnostic subgroup of gender discordance, which is part of sexual health-related conditions, but not of mental, behavioural and neurodevelopmental disorders. Problems associated with interpersonal relationships may also be diagnosed; more specifically, significant disinhibition as manifested in some personality disorders or difficulties. ICD-11 is a valid taxonomy to be used by doctors and furthermore by and for psychologists, with the full endorsement of the International Union of Psychological Science (43). Irrespective of the occurrence of disorders such as those cited above, the particular vulnerability to be seduced of some people and ages, social groups and cultures must be borne in mind (38-44). As far as gender identity is concerned, evidence on the existence of a biological basis for erotic inclination towards individuals of the same sex is fragmentary and incomplete. Erotic orientation is basic to explicitly sexualised seduction. Demand for health services by families with transgender or gender nonbinary children or adolescents is on the rise (45,46). Transgender and gender-diverse adolescents experience higher mental health risk compared to their cisgender peers. Transgender people have more depressive disorders, suicides, substance abuse, human immunodeficiency virus infection and nonaccidental injuries. It should be borne in mind that gender identity, gender expression and sexual orientation are three conditions that will influence desires and seductive potential, but are relatively independent of each other (47,48). Ideally, gender-sensitive care services have sometimes been recommended (49,50), as biology, psychopathology and sexuality will differ. In the underestimated and often considered “silent crisis” of clinical depression in males, there is evidence that atypical symptoms including irritability, aggression, substance abuse and increased risk-taking behaviours are frequently experienced. Typical adaptive strategies of many men in SEDUCTION: PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
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